Molecular Endocrinology, Vol 10, 1167-1177, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors

KB Horwitz, TA Jackson, DL Bain, JK Richer, GS Takimoto and L Tung
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.

The nuclear receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins, many of which are ligand-regulated, that bind to specific DNA sequences and control specific gene transcription. Recent data show that, in addition to contacting the basal transcription machinery directly, nuclear receptors inhibit or enhance transcription by recruiting an array of coactivator or corepressor proteins to the transcription complex. In this review we define the properties of these putative coregulatory factors; we describe the basal and coregulatory factors that are currently known to interact with nuclear receptors; we suggest various mechanisms by which coactivators and corepressors act; we discuss issues that are raised by the presence of multiple, perhaps competing, coregulatory factors; and we speculate how these additional regulatory layers may explain the heterogeneity of hormone responses that are observed in normal and malignant tissues.

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				D. Zhou and S. Chen PNRC2 is a 16 kDa coactivator that interacts with nuclear receptors through an SH3-binding motif Nucleic Acids Res., October 1, 2001; 29(19): 3939 - 3948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Nilsson, S. Makela, E. Treuter, M. Tujague, J. Thomsen, G. Andersson, E. Enmark, K. Pettersson, M. Warner, and J.-A. Gustafsson Mechanisms of Estrogen Action Physiol Rev, October 1, 2001; 81(4): 1535 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Smith, D. J. Cousins, Y.-K. Jee, D. Z. Staynov, T. H. Lee, and P. Lavender Suppression of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Expression by Glucocorticoids Involves Inhibition of Enhancer Function by the Glucocorticoid Receptor Binding to Composite NF-AT/Activator Protein-1 Elements J. Immunol., September 1, 2001; 167(5): 2502 - 2510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Franco, M. Farooqui, E. Seto, and L.-N. Wei The Orphan Nuclear Receptor TR2 Interacts Directly with Both Class I and Class II Histone Deacetylases Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2001; 15(8): 1318 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. H. Chung, S. H. Mitchell, J.-S. Zhang, and C. Y. F. Young Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on androgen-mediated cell growth and gene expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2001; 22(8): 1201 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Yudt and J. A. Cidlowski Molecular Identification and Characterization of A and B Forms of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2001; 15(7): 1093 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Yang and M. L. Privalsky Isoform-Specific Transcriptional Regulation by Thyroid Hormone Receptors: Hormone-Independent Activation Operates through a Steroid Receptor Mode of Coactivator Interaction Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2001; 15(7): 1170 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Yen Physiological and Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 1097 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Reutens, M. Fu, C. Wang, C. Albanese, M. J. McPhaul, Z. Sun, S. P. Balk, O. A. Jänne, J. J. Palvimo, and R. G. Pestell Cyclin D1 Binds the Androgen Receptor and Regulates Hormone-Dependent Signaling in a p300/CBP-Associated Factor (P/CAF)-Dependent Manner Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2001; 15(5): 797 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. S. Sack, K. F. Kish, C. Wang, R. M. Attar, S. E. Kiefer, Y. An, G. Y. Wu, J. E. Scheffler, M. E. Salvati, S. R. Krystek Jr., et al. Crystallographic structures of the ligand-binding domains of the androgen receptor and its T877A mutant complexed with the natural agonist dihydrotestosterone PNAS, April 24, 2001; 98(9): 4904 - 4909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Zilliacus, E. Holter, H. Wakui, H. Tazawa, E. Treuter, and J.-A. Gustafsson Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by 14-3-3-Dependent Intracellular Relocalization of the Corepressor RIP140 Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2001; 15(4): 501 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Shiohara, M. Uskokovic, J. Hisatake, Y. Hisatake, K. Koike, A. Komiyama, and H. P. Koeffler 24-Oxo Metabolites of Vitamin D3 Analogues: Disassociation of Their Prominent Antileukemic Effects from Their Lack of Calcium Modulation Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 61(8): 3361 - 3368. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. Liu, M. Gross, J. ten Hoeve, and K. Shuai A transcriptional corepressor of Stat1 with an essential LXXLL signature motif PNAS, March 13, 2001; 98(6): 3203 - 3207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Grad, L. S. Lyons, D. M. Robins, and K. L. Burnstein The Androgen Receptor (AR) Amino-Terminus Imposes Androgen-Specific Regulation of AR Gene Expression via an Exonic Enhancer Endocrinology, March 1, 2001; 142(3): 1107 - 1116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Clarke, F. Leonessa, J. N. Welch, and T. C. Skaar Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology of Antiestrogen Action and Resistance Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2001; 53(1): 25 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Giannoukos, D. Szapary, C. L. Smith, J. E. W. Meeker, and S. S. Simons Jr. New Antiprogestins with Partial Agonist Activity: Potential Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs) and Probes for Receptor- and Coregulator-Induced Changes in Progesterone Receptor Induction Properties Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2001; 15(2): 255 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. Hauksdóttir and M. L. Privalsky DNA Recognition by the Aberrant Retinoic Acid Receptors Implicated in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Growth Differ., February 1, 2001; 12(2): 85 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Buchanan, M. Yang, J. M. Harris, H. S. Nahm, G. Han, N. Moore, J. M. Bentel, R. J. Matusik, D. J. Horsfall, V. R. Marshall, et al. Mutations at the Boundary of the Hinge and Ligand Binding Domain of the Androgen Receptor Confer Increased Transactivation Function Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2001; 15(1): 46 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. E. Compston Sex Steroids and Bone Physiol Rev, January 1, 2001; 81(1): 419 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Webb, C. M. Anderson, C. Valentine, P. Nguyen, A. Marimuthu, B. L. West, J. D. Baxter, and P. J. Kushner The Nuclear Receptor Corepressor (N-CoR) Contains Three Isoleucine Motifs (I/LXXII) That Serve as Receptor Interaction Domains (IDs) Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2000; 14(12): 1976 - 1985. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Khurana, S. Ranmal, and N. Ben-Jonathan Exposure of Newborn Male and Female Rats to Environmental Estrogens: Delayed and Sustained Hyperprolactinemia and Alterations in Estrogen Receptor Expression Endocrinology, December 1, 2000; 141(12): 4512 - 4517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]