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Molecular Endocrinology 11 (6): 779-791
Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids, and Hypolipidemic Agents Identified as Ligands of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Coactivator-Dependent Receptor Ligand Assay

Grigorios Krey, Olivier Braissant, Fabienne L’Horset, Eric Kalkhoven, Mai Perroud, Malcolm G. Parker and Walter Wahli

Institut de Biologie Animale (G.K., O.B., M.P., W.W.), Bâtiment de Biologie, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (F.L., E.K., M.G.P.), Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, U.K.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors controlling the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. PPARs activate gene transcription in response to a variety of compounds including hypolipidemic drugs as well as natural fatty acids. From the plethora of PPAR activators, Scatchard analysis of receptor-ligand interactions has thus far identified only four ligands. These are the chemotactic agent leukotriene B4 and the hypolipidemic drug Wy 14,643 for the {alpha}-subtype and a prostaglandin J2 metabolite and synthetic antidiabetic thiazolidinediones for the {gamma}-subtype. Based on the hypothesis that ligand binding to PPAR would induce interactions of the receptor with transcriptional coactivators, we have developed a novel ligand sensor assay, termed coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay (CARLA). With CARLA we have screened several natural and synthetic candidate ligands and have identified naturally occurring fatty acids and metabolites as well as hypolipidemic drugs as bona fide ligands of the three PPAR subtypes from Xenopus laevis. Our results suggest that PPARs, by their ability to interact with a number of structurally diverse compounds, have acquired unique ligand-binding properties among the superfamily of nuclear receptors that are compatible with their biological activity.




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M. Jove, J. Salla, A. Planavila, A. Cabrero, L. Michalik, W. Wahli, J. C. Laguna, and M. Vazquez-Carrera
Impaired expression of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and PPAR{gamma} coactivator-1 in skeletal muscle of ZDF rats: restoration by troglitazone
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2004; 45(1): 113 - 123.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
J. J. Bright, C. Natarajan, G. Muthian, Y. Barak, and R. M. Evans
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma}-Deficient Heterozygous Mice Develop an Exacerbated Neural Antigen-Induced Th1 Response and Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
J. Immunol., December 1, 2003; 171(11): 5743 - 5750.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum Mol GenetHome page
A. Memisoglu, F. B. Hu, S. E. Hankinson, J. E. Manson, I. De Vivo, W. C. Willett, and D. J. Hunter
Interaction between a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} gene polymorphism and dietary fat intake in relation to body mass
Hum. Mol. Genet., November 15, 2003; 12(22): 2923 - 2929.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
S. Han, H. Inoue, L. C. Flowers, and N. Sidell
Control of COX-2 Gene Expression through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} in Human Cervical Cancer Cells
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 9(12): 4627 - 4635.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. Cabrero, M. Jove, A. Planavila, M. Merlos, J. C. Laguna, and M. Vazquez-Carrera
Down-Regulation of Acyl-CoA Oxidase Gene Expression in Heart of Troglitazone-Treated Mice through a Mechanism Involving Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II
Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2003; 64(3): 764 - 772.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
K. H.S. Wilson, S. E. Eckenrode, Q.-Z. Li, Q.-G. Ruan, P. Yang, J.-D. Shi, A. Davoodi-Semiromi, R. A. McIndoe, B. P. Croker, and J.-X. She
Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in the Kidneys of New- and Post-Onset Diabetic NOD Mice
Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 2151 - 2159.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 IOVSHome page
P. Aoun, J. W. Simpkins, and N. Agarwal
Role of PPAR-{gamma} Ligands In Neuroprotection against Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Retinal Ganglion Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2003; 44(7): 2999 - 3004.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Lipid Res.Home page
J. M. Brown, M. S. Boysen, S. S. Jensen, R. F. Morrison, J. Storkson, R. Lea-Currie, M. Pariza, S. Mandrup, and M. K. McIntosh
Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPAR{gamma} signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes
J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2003; 44(7): 1287 - 1300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
S. L. Ripp, K. C. Falkner, M. L. Pendleton, V. Tamasi, and R. A. Prough
Regulation of CYP2C11 by Dehydroepiandrosterone and Peroxisome Proliferators: Identification of the Negative Regulatory Region of the Gene
Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2003; 64(1): 113 - 122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
T. Yoshikawa, T. Ide, H. Shimano, N. Yahagi, M. Amemiya-Kudo, T. Matsuzaka, S. Yatoh, T. Kitamine, H. Okazaki, Y. Tamura, et al.
Cross-Talk between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) {alpha} and Liver X Receptor (LXR) in Nutritional Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism. I. PPARs Suppress Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1c Promoter through Inhibition of LXR Signaling
Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2003; 17(7): 1240 - 1254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
T. Ide, H. Shimano, T. Yoshikawa, N. Yahagi, M. Amemiya-Kudo, T. Matsuzaka, M. Nakakuki, S. Yatoh, Y. Iizuka, S. Tomita, et al.
Cross-Talk between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) {alpha} and Liver X Receptor (LXR) in Nutritional Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism. II. LXRs Suppress Lipid Degradation Gene Promoters through Inhibition of PPAR Signaling
Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2003; 17(7): 1255 - 1267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
H. Kim, M. Haluzik, Z. Asghar, D. Yau, J. W. Joseph, A. M. Fernandez, M. L. Reitman, S. Yakar, B. Stannard, L. Heron-Milhavet, et al.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Agonist Treatment in a Transgenic Model of Type 2 Diabetes Reverses the Lipotoxic State and Improves Glucose Homeostasis
Diabetes, July 1, 2003; 52(7): 1770 - 1778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-H. Lee, P. Olson, and R. M. Evans
Minireview: Lipid Metabolism, Metabolic Diseases, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2201 - 2207.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T.-S. Lee, H.-L. Tsai, and L.-Y. Chau
Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Murine Macrophages Is Essential for the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Low Dose 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(21): 19325 - 19330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
O. Ziouzenkova, S. Perrey, L. Asatryan, J. Hwang, K. L. MacNaul, D. E. Moller, D. J. Rader, A. Sevanian, R. Zechner, G. Hoefler, et al.
Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins generates PPAR ligands: Evidence for an antiinflammatory role for lipoprotein lipase
PNAS, March 4, 2003; 100(5): 2730 - 2735.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Wu, W. W. Chin, Y. Wang, and T. P. Burris
Ligand and Coactivator Identity Determines the Requirement of the Charge Clamp for Coactivation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma
J. Biol. Chem., February 28, 2003; 278(10): 8637 - 8644.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Lipid Res.Home page
T. Nakatani, H.-J. Kim, Y. Kaburagi, K. Yasuda, and O. Ezaki
A low fish oil inhibits SREBP-1 proteolytic cascade, while a high-fish-oil feeding decreases SREBP-1 mRNA in mice liver: relationship to anti-obesity
J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2003; 44(2): 369 - 379.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Lipid Res.Home page
A. Cabrero, M. Merlos, J. C. Laguna, and M. V. Carrera
Down-regulation of acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression and increased NF-{kappa}B activity in etomoxir-induced cardiac hypertrophy
J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2003; 44(2): 388 - 398.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Jalouli, L. Carlsson, C. Ameen, D. Linden, A. Ljungberg, L. Michalik, S. Eden, W. Wahli, and J. Oscarsson
Sex Difference in Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Expression: Influence of Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 101 - 109.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
H. Okazaki, J.-i. Osuga, Y. Tamura, N. Yahagi, S. Tomita, F. Shionoiri, Y. Iizuka, K. Ohashi, K. Harada, S. Kimura, et al.
Lipolysis in the Absence of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase: Evidence for a Common Mechanism Regulating Distinct Lipases
Diabetes, December 1, 2002; 51(12): 3368 - 3375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
J. Rieusset, F. Touri, L. Michalik, P. Escher, B. Desvergne, E. Niesor, and W. Wahli
A New Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Antagonist with Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Activity
Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2002; 16(11): 2628 - 2644.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. A. Kliewer, B. Goodwin, and T. M. Willson
The Nuclear Pregnane X Receptor: A Key Regulator of Xenobiotic Metabolism
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2002; 23(5): 687 - 702.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. L. Martelli, R. Iuliano, I. Le Pera, I. Sama', C. Monaco, S. Cammarota, T. Kroll, L. Chiariotti, M. Santoro, and A. Fusco
Inhibitory Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} on Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Growth
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4728 - 4735.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
S. Sethi, O. Ziouzenkova, H. Ni, D. D. Wagner, J. Plutzky, and T. N. Mayadas
Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil inhibit leukocyte-endothelial interactions through activation of PPARalpha
Blood, July 30, 2002; 100(4): 1340 - 1346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
N.-S. Tan, N. S. Shaw, N. Vinckenbosch, P. Liu, R. Yasmin, B. Desvergne, W. Wahli, and N. Noy
Selective Cooperation between Fatty Acid Binding Proteins and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Regulating Transcription
Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2002; 22(14): 5114 - 5127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Fauconnet, I. Lascombe, E. Chabannes, G.-L. Adessi, B. Desvergne, W. Wahli, and H. Bittard
Differential Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors in Bladder Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., June 21, 2002; 277(26): 23534 - 23543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
T. E. Akiyama, C. T. Baumann, S. Sakai, G. L. Hager, and F. J. Gonzalez
Selective Intranuclear Redistribution of PPAR Isoforms by RXR{alpha}
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2002; 16(4): 707 - 721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Nakatani, N. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, M. Takahashi, S. Miura, and O. Ezaki
Mechanism for Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-alpha Activator-induced Up-regulation of UCP2 mRNA in Rodent Hepatocytes
J. Biol. Chem., March 8, 2002; 277(11): 9562 - 9569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
L. Kopelovich, J. R. Fay, R. I. Glazer, and J. A. Crowell
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Modulators As Potential Chemopreventive Agents
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2002; 1(5): 357 - 363.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
G. F. Davies, P. J. McFie, R. L. Khandelwal, and W. J. Roesler
Unique Ability of Troglitazone to Up-Regulate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma Expression in Hepatocytes
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2002; 300(1): 72 - 77.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. J. Sinal, M. Yoon, and F. J. Gonzalez
Antagonism of the Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-alpha by Bile Acids
J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2001; 276(50): 47154 - 47162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 FASEB J.Home page
D. HWANG
Modulation of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by fatty acids mediated through Toll-like receptor 4-derived signaling pathways
FASEB J, December 1, 2001; 15(14): 2556 - 2564.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Lipid Res.Home page
L. Zhou and A. Nilsson
Sources of eicosanoid precursor fatty acid pools in tissues
J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2001; 42(10): 1521 - 1542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
S. D. Clarke
Nonalcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis.: I. Molecular mechanism for polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): G865 - G869.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
A. Aranda and A. Pascual
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Gene Expression
Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 1269 - 1304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
V. Tsimihodimos, A. Kakafika, and M. Elisaf
Fibrate treatment can increase serum creatinine levels
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2001; 16(6): 1301 - 1301.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
X. Cui, H. Kawashima, T. B. Barclay, J. M. Peters, F. J. Gonzalez, E. T. Morgan, and H. W. Strobel
Molecular Cloning and Regulation of Expression of Two Novel Mouse CYP4F Genes: Expression in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha -Deficient Mice upon Lipopolysaccharide and Clofibrate Challenges
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 13, 2001; 296(2): 542 - 550.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Nutr.Home page
S. D. Clarke
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation of Gene Transcription: A Molecular Mechanism to Improve the Metabolic Syndrome
J. Nutr., April 1, 2001; 131(4): 1129 - 1132.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
C. Wolfrum, C. M. Borrmann, T. Börchers, and F. Spener
Fatty acids and hypolipidemic drugs regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha - and gamma -mediated gene expression via liver fatty acid binding protein: A signaling path to the nucleus
PNAS, February 15, 2001; (2001) 51619898.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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