This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Hein, L. Articles by Kobilka, B. K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hein, L. Articles by Kobilka, B. K.

Intracellular Trafficking of Angiotensin II and its AT₁ and AT₂ Receptors: Evidence for Selective Sorting of Receptor and Ligand

Falk Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine (L.H., R.E.P., V.J.D., B.K.K.) Howard Hughes Medical Institute (B.K.K.) Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305
Department of Pharmacology (L.H., L.M.) University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
Department of Medicine (R.E.P, V.J.D.) Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Angiotensin II (Ang II) binds to two different receptor subtypes, AT₁ and AT₂ receptors. In many cases, receptor stimulation by Ang II is followed by a rapid desensitization of the intracellular signal transduction and a decrease in cell surface receptor number. The present study was designed to examine by immunofluorescence microscopy the cellular trafficking pathways of Ang II and its AT_1a and AT₂ receptors in human embryonal kidney 293 cells stably expressing these receptor subtypes. Fluorescently labeled Ang II and AT_1a receptors were rapidly internalized into endosomes. AT₂ receptors were localized in the plasma membrane and did not undergo endocytosis upon agonist stimulation. After removal of agonist, AT_1a receptors recycled to the plasma membrane, whereas fluorescently labeled Ang II was targeted to the lysosomal pathway. Even though no further loss of surface receptor was measurable by ligand binding at steady state, fluorescein-Ang II was continuously internalized, and cycling of receptor between endosomal vesicles and the plasma membrane was detected by antibody feeding. These experiments provide evidence for subtype-specific receptor sorting and internalization of Ang II and its AT_1a receptor as a receptor-ligand complex, and they suggest that the sequestration of receptors into endosomes is in dynamic equilibrium with receptor cycling to the plasma membrane. Finally, internalization of AT_1a receptors and Ang II persists after desensitization mechanisms have attenuated Ca²⁺ and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				X. C. Li, U. Hopfer, and J. L. Zhuo AT1 receptor-mediated uptake of angiotensin II and NHE-3 expression in proximal tubule cells through a microtubule-dependent endocytic pathway Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): F1342 - F1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Cavet, J. Pang, G. Yin, and B. C. Berk An epidermal growth factor (EGF) -dependent interaction between GIT1 and sorting nexin 6 promotes degradation of the EGF receptor FASEB J, October 1, 2008; 22(10): 3607 - 3616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.-i. Shigenaga, K. Tamura, H. Wakui, S.-i. Masuda, K. Azuma, Y. Tsurumi-Ikeya, M. Ozawa, M. Mogi, M. Matsuda, K. Uchino, et al. Effect of Olmesartan on Tissue Expression Balance Between Angiotensin II Receptor and Its Inhibitory Binding Molecule Hypertension, October 1, 2008; 52(4): 672 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Bagi, N. Erdei, and A. Koller High intraluminal pressure via H2O2 upregulates arteriolar constrictions to angiotensin II by increasing the functional availability of AT1 receptors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): H835 - H841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Meijer, J. Ogink, B. Kreike, D. Nuyten, K. E. de Visser, and E. Roos The Chemokine Receptor CXCR6 and Its Ligand CXCL16 Are Expressed in Carcinomas and Inhibit Proliferation Cancer Res., June 15, 2008; 68(12): 4701 - 4708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li and J. L. Zhuo Intracellular ANG II directly induces in vitro transcription of TGF-{beta}1, MCP-1, and NHE-3 mRNAs in isolated rat renal cortical nuclei via activation of nuclear AT1a receptors Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): C1034 - C1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mogi, M. Iwai, and M. Horiuchi Emerging Concepts of Regulation of Angiotensin II Receptors: New Players and Targets for Traditional Receptors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2532 - 2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Azuma, K. Tamura, A.-i. Shigenaga, H. Wakui, S.-i. Masuda, Y. Tsurumi-Ikeya, Y. Tanaka, M. Sakai, M. Matsuda, T. Hashimoto, et al. Novel Regulatory Effect of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Interacting Molecule on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 926 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Kai Chen, D. C. Merrill, and J. C. Rose The Importance of Angiotensin II Subtype Receptors for Blood Pressure Control During Mouse Pregnancy Reproductive Sciences, October 1, 2007; 14(7): 694 - 704. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. E. Linder, K. M. Thakali, J. M. Thompson, S. W. Watts, R. C. Webb, and R. Leite Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Tachyphylactic Contractile Responses in Rat Aorta J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2007; 323(1): 78 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Lindstrom, B. von Mentzer, I. Pahlman, I. Ahlstedt, A. Uvebrant, E. Kristensson, R. Martinsson, A. Noven, J. de Verdier, and G. Vauquelin Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonists: Correlation between in Vitro Receptor Interaction and in Vivo Efficacy J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2007; 322(3): 1286 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. P. Singh, B. Le, V. B. Bhat, K. M. Baker, and R. Kumar High-glucose-induced regulation of intracellular ANG II synthesis and nuclear redistribution in cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): H939 - H948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li and J. L. Zhuo Selective knockdown of AT1 receptors by RNA interference inhibits Val5-ANG II endocytosis and NHE-3 expression in immortalized rabbit proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): C367 - C378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Oliveira, C. M. Costa-Neto, C. R. Nakaie, S. Schreier, S. I. Shimuta, and A. C. M. Paiva The Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Structure-Activity Correlations in the Light of Rhodopsin Structure Physiol Rev, April 1, 2007; 87(2): 565 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L Zhuo and X. C Li Review: Novel roles of intracrine angiotensin II and signalling mechanisms in kidney cells Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2007; 8(1): 23 - 33. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. A. F. de Godoy and S. Rattan Translocation of AT1- and AT2-Receptors by Higher Concentrations of Angiotensin II in the Smooth Muscle Cells of Rat Internal Anal Sphincter J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2006; 319(3): 1088 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Baker and R. Kumar Intracellular angiotensin II induces cell proliferation independent of AT1 receptor Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): C995 - C1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Plouffe, M.-O. Guimond, H. Beaudry, and N. Gallo-Payet Role of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Angiotensin II AT2 Receptor Signaling: Involvement in Neurite Outgrowth and in p42/p44mapk Activation in NG108-15 Cells Endocrinology, October 1, 2006; 147(10): 4646 - 4654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Drake, S. K. Shenoy, and R. J. Lefkowitz Trafficking of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Circ. Res., September 15, 2006; 99(6): 570 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li, O. A. Carretero, L. G. Navar, and J. L. Zhuo AT1 receptor-mediated accumulation of extracellular angiotensin II in proximal tubule cells: role of cytoskeleton microtubules and tyrosine phosphatases Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): F375 - F383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Zhuo, X. C. Li, J. L. Garvin, L. G. Navar, and O. A. Carretero Intracellular ANG II induces cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization by stimulating intracellular AT1 receptors in proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): F1382 - F1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Haulica, W. Bild, and D. N Serban Review: Angiotensin Peptides and their Pleiotropic Actions Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2005; 6(3): 121 - 131. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S.-i. Miura, S. S. Karnik, and K. Saku Constitutively Active Homo-oligomeric Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Induces Cell Signaling Independent of Receptor Conformation and Ligand Stimulation J. Biol. Chem., May 6, 2005; 280(18): 18237 - 18244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Paasche, T. Attramadal, K. Kristiansen, M. P. Oksvold, H. K. Johansen, H. S. Huitfeldt, S. G. Dahl, and H. Attramadal Subtype-Specific Sorting of the ETA Endothelin Receptor by a Novel Endocytic Recycling Signal for G Protein-Coupled Receptors Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2005; 67(5): 1581 - 1590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Pediani, J. F. Colston, D. Caldwell, G. Milligan, C. J. Daly, and J. C. McGrath {beta}-Arrestin-Dependent Spontaneous {alpha}1a-Adrenoceptor Endocytosis Causes Intracellular Transportation of {alpha}-Blockers via Recycling Compartments Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2005; 67(4): 992 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Fessart, M. Simaan, and S. A. Laporte c-Src Regulates Clathrin Adapter Protein 2 Interaction with {beta}-Arrestin and the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor during Clathrin- Mediated Internalization Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 19(2): 491 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Wruck, H. Funke-Kaiser, T. Pufe, H. Kusserow, M. Menk, J. H. Schefe, M. L. Kruse, M. Stoll, and T. Unger Regulation of Transport of the Angiotensin AT2 Receptor by a Novel Membrane-Associated Golgi Protein Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 57 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Heydorn, B. P. Sondergaard, B. Ersboll, B. Holst, F. C. Nielsen, C. R. Haft, J. Whistler, and T. W. Schwartz A Library of 7TM Receptor C-terminal Tails: INTERACTIONS WITH THE PROPOSED POST-ENDOCYTIC SORTING PROTEINS ERM-BINDING PHOSPHOPROTEIN 50 (EBP50), N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FACTOR (NSF), SORTING NEXIN 1 (SNX1), AND G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED SORTING PROTEIN (GASP) J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 2004; 279(52): 54291 - 54303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. F. de Godoy, A. M. de Oliveira, and S. Rattan Angiotensin II-Induced Relaxation of Anococcygeus Smooth Muscle via Desensitization of AT1 Receptor, and Activation of AT2 Receptor Associated with Nitric-Oxide Synthase Pathway J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2004; 311(1): 394 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Filipeanu, F. Zhou, W. C. Claycomb, and G. Wu Regulation of the Cell Surface Expression and Function of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor by Rab1-mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport in Cardiac Myocytes J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 2004; 279(39): 41077 - 41084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Suarez, G. Diaz-Torga, A. Gonzalez-Iglesias, C. Cristina, and D. Becu-Villalobos Upregulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression in estrogen-induced pituitary hyperplasia Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2004; 286(5): E786 - E794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. SPAT and L. HUNYADY Control of Aldosterone Secretion: A Model for Convergence in Cellular Signaling Pathways Physiol Rev, April 1, 2004; 84(2): 489 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Du, P. Huang, B. T. Liang, and M. A. Frohman Phospholipase D2 Localizes to the Plasma Membrane and Regulates Angiotensin II Receptor Endocytosis Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2004; 15(3): 1024 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Singh, D. McDonald, T. J. Hope, and B. S. Prabhakar Upon Thyrotropin Binding the Thyrotropin Receptor Is Internalized and Localized to Endosome Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 1003 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Kumar, V. Menon, W. R. Ford, A. S. Clanachan, and B. I. Jugdutt Effect of Angiotensin II lype 2 Receptor Blockade on Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases after Ischemia-Reperfusion in Isolated Working Rat Hearts Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2003; 8(4): 285 - 296. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Lopez-Ilasaca, X. Liu, K. Tamura, and V. J. Dzau The Angiotensin II Type I Receptor-associated Protein, ATRAP, Is a Transmembrane Protein and a Modulator of Angiotensin II Signaling Mol. Biol. Cell, December 1, 2003; 14(12): 5038 - 5050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-H. Wu, K. Peppel, C. D. Nelson, F.-T. Lin, T. A. Kohout, W. E. Miller, S. T. Exum, and N. J. Freedman The Adaptor Protein {beta}-Arrestin2 Enhances Endocytosis of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 2003; 278(45): 44238 - 44245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Seck, R. Baron, and W. C. Horne Binding of Filamin to the C-terminal Tail of the Calcitonin Receptor Controls Recycling J. Biol. Chem., March 14, 2003; 278(12): 10408 - 10416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Gendron, J.-F. Oligny, M. D. Payet, and N. Gallo-Payet Cyclic AMP-independent Involvement of Rap1/B-Raf in the Angiotensin II AT2 Receptor Signaling Pathway in NG108-15 Cells J. Biol. Chem., January 31, 2003; 278(6): 3606 - 3614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Rueckschloss, M. T. Quinn, J. Holtz, and H. Morawietz Dose-Dependent Regulation of NAD(P)H Oxidase Expression by Angiotensin II in Human Endothelial Cells: Protective Effect of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2002; 22(11): 1845 - 1851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Widdop, K. Matrougui, B. I. Levy, and D. Henrion AT2 Receptor-Mediated Relaxation Is Preserved After Long-Term AT1 Receptor Blockade Hypertension, October 1, 2002; 40(4): 516 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Hunyady, A. J. Baukal, Z. Gaborik, J. A. Olivares-Reyes, M. Bor, M. Szaszak, R. Lodge, K. J. Catt, and T. Balla Differential PI 3-kinase dependence of early and late phases of recycling of the internalized AT1 angiotensin receptor J. Cell Biol., June 24, 2002; 157(7): 1211 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Xu, D. Kumar, J. R. B. Dyck, W. R. Ford, A. S. Clanachan, G. D. Lopaschuk, and B. I. Jugdutt AT1 and AT2 receptor expression and blockade after acute ischemia-reperfusion in isolated working rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1206 - H1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Miserey-Lenkei, C. Parnot, S. Bardin, P. Corvol, and E. Clauser Constitutive Internalization of Constitutively Active Angiotensin II AT1A Receptor Mutants Is Blocked by Inverse Agonists J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2002; 277(8): 5891 - 5901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Zhuo, J. D. Imig, T. G. Hammond, S. Orengo, E. Benes, and L. G. Navar Ang II Accumulation in Rat Renal Endosomes During Ang II-Induced Hypertension: Role of AT1 Receptor Hypertension, January 1, 2002; 39(1): 116 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M Filipeanu, R. H Henning, S A. Nelemans, and D. de Zeeuw Review: Intracellular angiotensin II: from myth to reality? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2001; 2(4): 219 - 226. [PDF]

				L. B. Dale, M. Bhattacharya, J. L. Seachrist, P. H. Anborgh, and S. S. G. Ferguson Agonist-Stimulated and Tonic Internalization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1a in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells: Agonist-Stimulated Endocytosis Is beta -Arrestin1 Isoform-Specific Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2001; 60(6): 1243 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G. Modrall, M. Nanamori, J. Sadoshima, D. C. Barnhart, J. C. Stanley, and R. R. Neubig ANG II type 1 receptor downregulation does not require receptor endocytosis or G protein coupling Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): C801 - C809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. G. Ferguson Evolving Concepts in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis: The Role in Receptor Desensitization and Signaling Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2001; 53(1): 1 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gonzalez Iglesias, C. Suarez, C. Feierstein, G. Diaz-Torga, and D. Becu-Villalobos Desensitization of angiotensin II: effect on [Ca2+]i, inositol triphosphate, and prolactin in pituitary cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2001; 280(3): E462 - E470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Vauquelin, F. L. Fierens, I. Verheijen, and P. M. Vanderheyden Distinctions between non-peptide angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonists Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S24 - S31. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L G. Navar, K. D Mitchell, L. M Harrison-Bernard, H. Kobori, and A. Nishiyama Review: Intrarenal angiotensin II levels in normal and hypertensive states Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S176 - S184. [PDF]

				Z. Gáborik, M. Szaszák, L. Szidonya, B. Balla, S. Paku, K. J. Catt, A. J. L. Clark, and L. Hunyady {beta}-Arrestin- and Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis of the AT1 Angiotensin Receptor Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2001; 59(2): 239 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. H. Anborgh, J. L. Seachrist, L. B. Dale, and S. S. G. Ferguson Receptor/{beta}-Arrestin Complex Formation and the Differential Trafficking and Resensitization of {beta}2-Adrenergic and Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptors Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2000; 14(12): 2040 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. A. Olivares-Reyes, S. Jayadev, L. Hunyady, K. J. Catt, and R. D. Smith Homologous and Heterologous Phosphorylation of the AT2 Angiotensin Receptor by Protein Kinase C Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2000; 58(5): 1156 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Xu, A. S. Clanachan, and B. I. Jugdutt Enhanced Expression of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor, Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor, and Protein Kinase C{epsilon} During Cardioprotection Induced by Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockade Hypertension, October 1, 2000; 36(4): 506 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Yi Xu, V. Menon, and B. I Jugdutt Cardioprotection after angiotensin II type 1 blockade involves angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression and activation of protein kinase C-{varepsilon} in acutely reperfused myocardial infarction in the dog: Effect of UP269-6 and losartan on AT1- and AT2-receptor expression and IP3 receptor and PKC{varepsilon} proteins Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2000; 1(2): 184 - 195. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Oksche, G. Boese, A. Horstmeyer, J. Furkert, M. Beyermann, M. Bienert, and W. Rosenthal Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Targeting and Lack of Recycling of the Ligand-Occupied Endothelin B Receptor Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 2000; 57(6): 1104 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. C. De Mello and A. H. J. Danser Angiotensin II and the Heart : On the Intracrine Renin-Angiotensin System Hypertension, June 1, 2000; 35(6): 1183 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Gallinat, S. Busche, M. K. Raizada, and C. Sumners The angiotensin II type 2 receptor: an enigma with multiple variations Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2000; 278(3): E357 - E374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Ferrari, V. Behar, M. Chorev, M. Rosenblatt, and A. Bisello Endocytosis of Ligand-Human Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 Complexes Is Protein Kinase C-dependent and Involves beta -Arrestin2. REAL-TIME MONITORING BY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 1999; 274(42): 29968 - 29975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Baratti-Elbaz, N. Ghinea, O. Lahuna, H. Loosfelt, C. Pichon, and E. Milgrom Internalization and Recycling Pathways of the Thyrotropin Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 1999; 13(10): 1751 - 1765. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Gendron*, L. Laflamme*, N. Rivard, C. Asselin, M. D. Payet, and N. Gallo-Payet Signals from the AT2 (Angiotensin Type 2) Receptor of Angiotensin II Inhibit p21ras and Activate MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) to Induce Morphological Neuronal Differentiation in NG108-15 Cells Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 1999; 13(9): 1615 - 1626. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Nakamura, M. d. F. M. Lazari, S. Li, C. Korgaonkar, and M. Ascoli Role of the Rate of Internalization of the Agonist-Receptor Complex on the Agonist-Induced Down-Regulation of the Lutropin/ Choriogonadotropin Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 1999; 13(8): 1295 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. D. Imig, G. L. Navar, L.-X. Zou, K. C. O'Reilly, P. L. Allen, J. H. Kaysen, T. G. Hammond, and L. G. Navar Renal endosomes contain angiotensin peptides, converting enzyme, and AT1A receptors Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): F303 - F311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Y. A. Lehtonen, L. Daviet, C. Nahmias, M. Horiuchi, and V. J. Dzau Analysis of Functional Domains of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Involved in Apoptosis Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 1999; 13(7): 1051 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Daviet, J. Y. A. Lehtonen, K. Tamura, D. P. Griese, M. Horiuchi, and V. J. Dzau Cloning and Characterization of ATRAP, a Novel Protein That Interacts with the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor J. Biol. Chem., June 11, 1999; 274(24): 17058 - 17062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Adams, T. S. Obertone, X. Wang, and T. J. Murphy Relationship between Internalization and mRNA Decay in Down-Regulation of Recombinant Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptor (AT1) Expression in Smooth Muscle Cells Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 1999; 55(6): 1028 - 1036. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Z. Huang, T. Bambino, Y. Chen, J. Lameh, and R. A. Nissenson Role of Signal Transduction in Internalization of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and PTH-Related Protein Endocrinology, March 1, 1999; 140(3): 1294 - 1300. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Tamura, Y. Wanaka, E. J. Landon, and T. Inagami Intracellular Sodium Modulates the Expression of Angiotensin II Subtype 2 Receptor in PC12W Cells Hypertension, February 1, 1999; 33(2): 626 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Vrecl, L. Anderson, A. Hanyaloglu, A. M. McGregor, A. D. Groarke, G. Milligan, P. L. Taylor, and K. A. Eidne Agonist-Induced Endocytosis and Recycling of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Effect of {beta}-Arrestin on Internalization Kinetics Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 1998; 12(12): 1818 - 1829. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Hunyady, H. Ji, G. Jagadeesh, M. Zhang, Z. Gáborik, B. Mihalik, and K. J. Catt Dependence of AT1 Angiotensin Receptor Function on Adjacent Asparagine Residues in the Seventh Transmembrane Helix Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 1998; 54(2): 427 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text]