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Hormones et Reproduction INSERM U135 Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud 94275-Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
Steroid hormone receptors are, in most cases,
mainly nuclear proteins that undergo a continuous nucleocytoplasmic
shuttling. The mechanism of the nuclear export of these proteins
remains largely unknown. To approach this problem experimentally
in vivo, we have prepared cell lines permanently
coexpressing the wild-type nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) and a
cytoplasmic receptor mutant deleted of its nuclear localization signal
(NLS) [(
NLS)PR]. Each receptor species was deleted from the
epitope recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody, thus allowing
separated observation of the two receptor forms in the same cells.
Administration of hormone provoked formation of heterodimers during
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and import of (
NLS)PR into the nucleus.
Washing out of the hormone allowed us to follow the export of
(
NLS)PR into the cytoplasm. Microinjection of BSA coupled to a NLS
inhibited the export of (
NLS)PR. On the contrary, microinjection of
BSA coupled to a nuclear export signal (NES) was without effect.
Moreover, leptomycin B, which inhibits NES-mediated export, was also
without effect. tsBN2 cells contain a thermosensitive RCC1 protein (Ran
GTP exchange protein). At the nonpermissive temperature, the nuclear
export of (
NLS)PR could be observed, whereas the export of NES-BSA
was suppressed. Microinjection of GTP
S confirmed that the export of
(
NLS)PR was not dependent on GTP hydrolysis. These experiments show
that the nuclear export of PR is not NES mediated but probably involves
the NLS. It does not involve Ran GTP, and it is not dependent on the
hydrolysis of GTP. The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of steroid hormone
receptors thus appears to utilize mechanisms different from those
previously described for some viral, regulatory, and heterogeneous
ribonuclear proteins.
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