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Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine
(T.T., W.-X.G., J.L.J) Northwestern University Medical School
Chicago, Illinois 60611
The Baton Rouge Clinic (P.T.P.)
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806
Metabolic Research Unit
(B.L.W.) University of California at San Francisco San
Francisco, California 94143
In a patient with severe resistance to thyroid
hormone (RTH), we found a novel mutation (leucine to serine in codon
454, L454S) of the thyroid hormone receptor ß. This mutation
is in the ligand-dependent transactivation domain that has been shown
to interact with transcriptional coactivators (CoAs). The mutant
protein binds T3, but its ability to activate
transcription of a positively regulated gene (TRE-tk-Luc), and to
repress a negatively regulated gene (TSH
-Luc), is markedly impaired.
As anticipated from its location, the L454S mutant interacts weakly
with CoAs, such as SRC1 and glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein
1 (GRIP1) in gel mobility shift assays and in mammalian two-hybrid
assays, even in the presence of the maximal dose of
T3. In contrast, in the absence of
T3, the L454S mutant interacts much more
strongly with nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) than does the
wild-type receptor, and the T3-dependent
release of NCoR is markedly impaired. By comparison, the NCoR
interaction and T3-dependent dissociation of an
adjacent AF-2 domain mutant (E457A) are normal. These findings reveal
that the Leu 454 is involved directly, or indirectly, in the release of
corepressors (CoRs) as well as in the recruitment of CoAs. The
strong interaction with NCoR at a physiological concentration of
T3 results in constitutive activation of the
TSH genes as well as constitutive silencing of positively regulated
genes. When the dominant negative effect was examined among various
mutants, it correlated surprisingly well with the potency of NCoR
binding but not with the degree of impairment in CoA binding. These
findings suggest that the defective release of NCoRs, along with
retained dimerization and DNA binding, are critical features for the
inhibitory action of mutant thyroid hormone receptors. These studies
also suggest that helix 12 of the thyroid hormone receptor acts
as a dual functional domain. After the binding of
T3, its conformation changes, causing the
disruption of CoR binding and the recruitment of CoAs.
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