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Departments of Molecular Medicine (A.F.-M., N.S., G.N.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (H.G., B.V.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Health Science Center (L.F.), Pharmacology Section, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain; and Department of Functional Genomics (N.H.L.), Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Amilcar Flores-Morales, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), L8:01, Karolinska Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: Amilcar.Flores{at}molmed.ki.se.
Several metabolic processes in the liver are regulated by thyroid hormone (T3). Gene expression profiles of livers from normal and TRß-deficient mouse strains should allow the classification of rapid and sustained effects of T3, as well as identification of target genes that are dependent on TRß. The immediate and long-term T3 regulation of about 4000 genes in livers from hypo- and hyperthyroid wild-type and TRß-deficient mice was analyzed using cDNA microarrays. T3 was found to regulate more than 200 genes, and among these, more than 100 were previously not described. Sixty percent of all these genes show dependence on the TRß gene for T3 regulation, indicating that TR
1 may have previously unknown functions in the liver. Analysis of the gene expression patterns showed a clear functional distinction between rapid (2 h) actions of T3 and late effects, seen after 5 d of sustained T3 treatment. Many metabolic actions were rapidly executed, whereas effects on mitochondrial function, for example, were seen after the sustained T3 treatment. As compared with wild-type controls, TRß-/-mice exhibited elevated expression of some target genes and reduced levels of others, indicating that both direct and indirect gene regulation by TRs in liver is complex and involves both ligand-dependent and -independent actions by the major TR isoforms.
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