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Transcriptional Analysis of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor Constitutive Androstane Receptor (NR1I3) Gene Promoter: Identification of a Distal Glucocorticoid Response Element

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 128 (J.M.P., P.M., M.-J.V.) Institut Fédératif de Recherche No. 24, 34293 Montpellier, France; and INSERM 434 (M.B.-L.), Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 75010 Paris, France

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jean Marc Pascussi, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 128, Institut Fédératif de Recherche No. 24, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France. E-mail: pascussi{at}montp.inserm.fr.

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) transcriptionally activates cytochrome P450 2B6, 2C9, and 3A4 when activated by xenobiotics, such as phenobarbital. Information on the human CAR promoter was obtained by searching the NCBI human genome database. A contig (NT026945) corresponding to a fragment of chromosome 1q21 was found to contain the complete CAR gene. These data were confirmed using chromosomal in situ hybridization. Both primer extension and 5'-rapid amplification of the cDNA end PCR analysis were carried out to determine the transcriptional start site of human CAR, which was found to be 32 nucleotides downstream of a potential TATA box (CATAAAA). In addition, we found that the 5'-untranslated region of CAR mRNA is 110 nucleotides shorter than previously reported. Using genomic PCR, we amplified and cloned approximately 4.9 kb (-4711/+144) of the CAR gene promoter. The activity of this promoter was measured by transient transfection. Deletion analysis suggested the presence of a glucocorticoid responsive element in its distal region (-4477/-4410). From cotransfection experiments, mutagenesis, and gel shift assays, we identified a glucocorticoid response element at -4447/-4432 that was recognized and transactivated by the human glucocorticoid receptor. Finally, using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we demonstrated that the glucocorticoid receptor binds to the distal region of CAR promoter in cultured hepatocytes only in the presence of dexamethasone. Identification of this functional element provides a rational mechanistic basis for CAR induction by glucocorticoids. CAR appears to be a primary glucocorticoid receptor-response gene.

NURSA Molecule Pages Link:

Nuclear Receptors:   CAR  |  CAR-β  |  AR

Ligands:   Dexamethasone  |  Hydrocortisone  |  RU486

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