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Howard Hughes Medical Institute (P.T., D.J.M.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (P.T.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662; and Department of Pharmacology (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Peter Tontonoz, M.D., Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Box 951662, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662. E-mail: ptontonoz{at}mednet.ucla.edu.
The liver X receptors 
and ß (LXR and LXRß) are members of the nuclear receptor family of proteins that are critical for the control of lipid homeostasis in vertebrates. The endogenous activators of these receptors are oxysterols and intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. LXRs serve as cholesterol sensors that regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in the efflux, transport, and excretion of cholesterol. Recent studies have outlined the importance of LXR signaling pathways in the development of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Synthetic LXR agonists inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in murine models, an effect that is likely to result from the modulation of both metabolic and inflammatory gene expression. These observations identify the LXR pathway as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in human cardiovascular disease.
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L. Pei, A. Castrillo, M. Chen, A. Hoffmann, and P. Tontonoz Induction of NR4A Orphan Nuclear Receptor Expression in Macrophages in Response to Inflammatory Stimuli J. Biol. Chem., August 12, 2005; 280(32): 29256 - 29262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. Wang, T. Jiang, J. Li, G. Proctor, J. L. McManaman, S. Lucia, S. Chua, and M. Levi Regulation of Renal Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Accumulation, and Glomerulosclerosis in FVBdb/db Mice With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, August 1, 2005; 54(8): 2328 - 2335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. F. Lewis and D. J. Rader New Insights Into the Regulation of HDL Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport Circ. Res., June 24, 2005; 96(12): 1221 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Gerin, V. W. Dolinsky, J. G. Shackman, R. T. Kennedy, S.-H. Chiang, C. F. Burant, K. R. Steffensen, J.-A. Gustafsson, and O. A. MacDougald LXR{beta} Is Required for Adipocyte Growth, Glucose Homeostasis, and {beta} Cell Function J. Biol. Chem., June 17, 2005; 280(24): 23024 - 23031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ogawa, J. F. Stone, Y. Takata, F. Blaschke, V. H. Chu, D. A. Towler, R. E. Law, W. A. Hsueh, and D. Bruemmer Liver X Receptor Agonists Inhibit Cytokine-Induced Osteopontin Expression in Macrophages Through Interference With Activator Protein-1 Signaling Pathways Circ. Res., April 15, 2005; 96(7): e59 - e67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. C. Blaxall, J. M. Miano, and B. C. Berk Angiotensin II: A Devious Activator of Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Gene Expression Circ. Res., April 1, 2005; 96(6): 610 - 611. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Watanabe, S. Jiang, W. Takabe, R. Ohashi, T. Tanaka, Y. Uchiyama, K. Katsumi, H. Iwanari, N. Noguchi, M. Naito, et al. Expression of the LXR{alpha} Protein in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2005; 25(3): 622 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Lee, D.-K. Lee, E. Choi, and J. W. Lee Identification of a Functional Vitamin D Response Element in the Murine Insig-2 Promoter and Its Potential Role in the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 19(2): 399 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. D. Hegarty, A. Bobard, I. Hainault, P. Ferre, P. Bossard, and F. Foufelle From The Cover: Distinct roles of insulin and liver X receptor in the induction and cleavage of sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1c PNAS, January 18, 2005; 102(3): 791 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. N. Bradley and P. Tontonoz Lesion Macrophages Are a Key Target for the Antiatherogenic Effects of LXR Agonists Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 10 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Levin, E. D. Bischoff, C. L. Daige, D. Thomas, C. T. Vu, R. A. Heyman, R. K. Tangirala, and I. G. Schulman Macrophage Liver X Receptor Is Required for Antiatherogenic Activity of LXR Agonists Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 135 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Blaschke, O. Leppanen, Y. Takata, E. Caglayan, J. Liu, M. C. Fishbein, K. Kappert, K. I. Nakayama, A. R. Collins, E. Fleck, et al. Liver X Receptor Agonists Suppress Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Inhibit Neointima Formation in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries Circ. Res., December 10, 2004; 95(12): e110 - e123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. P. Anderson, C. Dunn, A. Laughter, L. Yoon, C. Swanson, T. M. Stulnig, K. R. Steffensen, R. A.S. Chandraratna, J.-A. Gustafsson, and J. C. Corton Overlapping Transcriptional Programs Regulated by the Nuclear Receptors Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha}, Retinoid X Receptor, and Liver X Receptor in Mouse Liver Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2004; 66(6): 1440 - 1452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Jakel, M. Nowak, E. Moitrot, H. Dehondt, D. W. Hum, L. A. Pennacchio, J. Fruchart-Najib, and J.-C. Fruchart The Liver X Receptor Ligand T0901317 Down-regulates APOA5 Gene Expression through Activation of SREBP-1c J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 45462 - 45469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Corton, U. Apte, S. P. Anderson, P. Limaye, L. Yoon, J. Latendresse, C. Dunn, J. I. Everitt, K. A. Voss, C. Swanson, et al. Mimetics of Caloric Restriction Include Agonists of Lipid-activated Nuclear Receptors J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 46204 - 46212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Kino and G. P. Chrousos Combating Atherosclerosis With LXR{alpha} And PPAR{alpha} Agonists: Is Rational Multitargeted Polypharmacy the Future of Therapeutics in Complex Diseases? Mol. Interv., October 1, 2004; 4(5): 254 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Agassandian, S. N. Mathur, J. Zhou, F. J. Field, and R. K. Mallampalli Oxysterols Trigger ABCA1-Mediated Basolateral Surfactant Efflux Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2004; 31(2): 227 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Seo, H. M. Moon, W. S. Kim, Y. S. Lee, H. W. Jeong, E. J. Yoo, J. Ham, H. Kang, M.-G. Park, K. R. Steffensen, et al. Activated Liver X Receptors Stimulate Adipocyte Differentiation through Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Expression Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2004; 24(8): 3430 - 3444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hummasti, B. A. Laffitte, M. A. Watson, C. Galardi, L. C. Chao, L. Ramamurthy, J. T. Moore, and P. Tontonoz Liver X receptors are regulators of adipocyte gene expression but not differentiation: identification of apoD as a direct target J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2004; 45(4): 616 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Walczak, S. B. Joseph, B. A. Laffitte, A. Castrillo, L. Pei, and P. Tontonoz Transcription of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene in Macrophages Is Regulated by Liver X Receptors J. Biol. Chem., March 12, 2004; 279(11): 9905 - 9911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Ng, C. Xie, G. F. Maguire, X. Zhu, F. Ugwu, E. Lam, and P. W. Connelly Hypertriglyceridemia in Lecithin-cholesterol Acyltransferase-deficient Mice Is Associated with Hepatic Overproduction of Triglycerides, Increased Lipogenesis, and Improved Glucose Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 2004; 279(9): 7636 - 7642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ricote, A. F. Valledor, and C. K. Glass Decoding Transcriptional Programs Regulated by PPARs and LXRs in the Macrophage: Effects on Lipid Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2004; 24(2): 230 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 W. A. Hsueh and D. Bruemmer Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 297 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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