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Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Pamela L. Mellon, Ph.D., Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0674. E-mail: pmellon{at}ucsd.edu.
FSH is critical for normal reproductive function in both males and females. Activin, a member of the TGFß family of growth factors, is an important regulator of FSH expression, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms through which it acts. We used transient transfections into the immortalized gonadotrope cell line LßT2 to identify three regions (at –973/–962, –167, and –134) of the ovine FSH ß-subunit gene that are required for full activin response. All three regions contain homology to consensus binding sites for Smad proteins, the intracellular mediators of TGFß family signaling. Mutation of the distal site reduces activin responsiveness, whereas mutation of either proximal site profoundly disrupts activin regulation of the FSHß gene. These sites specifically bind LßT2 nuclear proteins in EMSAs, and the –973/–962 site binds Smad4 protein. Interestingly, the protein complex binding to the –134 site contains Smad4 in association with the homeodomain proteins Pbx1 and Prep1. Using glutathione S-transferase interaction assays, we demonstrate that Pbx1 and Prep1 interact with Smads 2 and 3 as well. The two proximal activin response elements are well conserved across species, and Pbx1 and Prep1 proteins bind to the mouse gene in vivo. Furthermore, mutation of either proximal site abrogates activin responsiveness of a mouse FSHß reporter gene as well, confirming their functional conservation. Our studies provide a basis for understanding activin regulation of FSHß gene expression and identify Pbx1 and Prep1 as Smad partners and novel mediators of activin action.
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