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The Protein Kinase C Pathway Acts through Multiple Transcription Factors to Repress Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in Hypothalamic GT1–7 Neuronal Cells

Departments of Reproductive Medicine and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92903-0674

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Pamela L. Mellon, Reproductive Medicine, 0674, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drrive, La Jolla, California 92093. E-mail: pmellon{at}ucsd.edu.

The GnRH gene uses two well-defined regions to target expression to a small population of hypothalamic GnRH neurons: a 173-bp proximal promoter and a 300-bp enhancer localized at approximately –1800 to –1500 bp from the start site. Interaction of multiple factors with the GnRH enhancer and promoter is required to confer neuron-specific expression in vivo and in cells in culture. In addition, the expression of the GnRH gene is regulated by numerous neurotransmitters and hormones. Several of these effectors act through membrane receptors to trigger the protein kinase C pathway, and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a modulator of this pathway, has been shown to suppress GnRH gene expression through the promoter. We find that TPA suppresses expression through the GnRH enhancer as well as the promoter. In the enhancer, an Oct-1 binding site, a Pbx/Prep binding site, Msx/Dlx binding sites, and a previously unidentified protein-binding element at –1793, all contribute to TPA suppression. TPA treatment leads to decreased binding of Oct-1 and Pbx1a/Prep to their sites. However, a complex formed by GT1–7 nuclear extracts on the –1793 site is not affected by TPA treatment. It is known that cooperative interaction among multiple factors is necessary for GnRH gene expression; thus, one mechanism by which TPA suppresses GnRH gene expression is to disengage some of these factors from their cis-regulatory elements.