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Molecular Endocrinology 19 (8): 1951-1959
Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society

Minireview

Integration of the Extranuclear and Nuclear Actions of Estrogen

Ellis R. Levin

Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90822; and Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellis R. Levin M.D., Medical Service (11/111-I) Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5901 East 7th Street, Long Beach, California. E-mail: ellis.levin{at}med.va.gov.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and the resulting protein products determine the cell biological actions of the sex steroid. In addition, a small pool of ERs localize to the plasma membrane and signal mainly though coupling, directly or indirectly, to G proteins. In response to steroid, signal transduction modulates both nontranscriptional and transcriptional events and impacts both the rapid and more prolonged actions of estrogen. Cross-talk from membrane-localized ERs to nuclear ERs can be mediated through growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and IGF-I receptor. Growth factor receptors enact signal transduction to kinases such as ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that phosphorylate and activate nuclear ERs, and this can also occur in the absence of sex steroid. A complex relationship between the membrane and nuclear effects of estrogen also involves membrane-initiated phosphorylation of coactivators, recruiting these proteins to the nuclear transcriptosome. Finally, large pools of cytoplasmic ERs exist, and some are localized to mitochondria. The integration of sex steroid effects at distinct cellular locations of its receptor leads to important cellular physiological outcomes and are manifest in both reproductive and nonreproductive organs.

NURSA Molecule Pages Link:

Nuclear Receptors:   ERα  |  ERβ
Coregulators:   BRCA1  |  CAV1  |  Cyclin D1  |  CBP  |  SRC-1  |  PELP1  |  GRIP1



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P. Fan, J. Wang, R. J. Santen, and W. Yue
Long-term Treatment with Tamoxifen Facilitates Translocation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} out of the Nucleus and Enhances its Interaction with EGFR in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., February 1, 2007; 67(3): 1352 - 1360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
K. Evaul, M. Jamnongjit, B. Bhagavath, and S. R. Hammes
Testosterone and Progesterone Rapidly Attenuate Plasma Membrane G{beta}{gamma}-Mediated Signaling in Xenopus laevis Oocytes by Signaling through Classical Steroid Receptors
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 21(1): 186 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
S. Rice and S. A Whitehead
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer -promoters or protectors?
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2006; 13(4): 995 - 1015.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 LupusHome page
X Li, V Rider, B F Kimler, and N I Abdou
Estrogen does not regulate CD154 mRNA stability in systemic lupus erythematosus T cells
Lupus, December 1, 2006; 15(12): 852 - 857.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
T. Krietsch, M. S. Fernandes, J. Kero, R. Losel, M. Heyens, E. W.-F. Lam, I. Huhtaniemi, J. J. Brosens, and B. Gellersen
Human Homologs of the Putative G Protein-Coupled Membrane Progestin Receptors (mPR{alpha}, {beta}, and {gamma}) Localize to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Are Not Activated by Progesterone
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2006; 20(12): 3146 - 3164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
R. X-D Song, P. Fan, W. Yue, Y. Chen, and R. J Santen
Role of receptor complexes in the extranuclear actions of estrogen receptor {alpha} in breast cancer
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2006; 13(Supplement_1): S3 - S13.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. Vivacqua, D. Bonofiglio, L. Albanito, A. Madeo, V. Rago, A. Carpino, A. M. Musti, D. Picard, S. Ando, and M. Maggiolini
17beta-Estradiol, Genistein, and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Induce the Proliferation of Thyroid Cancer Cells through the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR30
Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2006; 70(4): 1414 - 1423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
A. Pedram, M. Razandi, and E. R. Levin
Nature of Functional Estrogen Receptors at the Plasma Membrane
Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2006; 20(9): 1996 - 2009.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. Canesi, C. Ciacci, L. C. Lorusso, M. Betti, T. Guarnieri, S. Tavolari, and G. Gallo
Immunomodulation by 17beta-estradiol in bivalve hemocytes
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): R664 - R673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
Y. Zhu, L. L. Sullivan, S. S. Nair, C. C. Williams, A. K. Pandey, L. Marrero, R. K. Vadlamudi, and F. E. Jones
Coregulation of Estrogen Receptor by ERBB4/HER4 Establishes a Growth-Promoting Autocrine Signal in Breast Tumor Cells
Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 7991 - 7998.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J EndocrinolHome page
J. E Sanchez-Criado, J. C Garrido-Gracia, C. Bellido, R. Aguilar, P. Guelmes, P. Abreu, R. Alonso, I. Barranco, Y. Millan, and J. M. de las Mulas
Oestradiol-17{beta} inhibits tamoxifen-induced LHRH self-priming blocking hormone-dependent and ligand-independent activation of the gonadotrope progesterone receptor in the rat.
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 73 - 84.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
R. X.-D. Song and R. J. Santen
Membrane Initiated Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2006; 75(1): 9 - 16.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 The OncologistHome page
R. J. Pietras
Biologic Basis of Sequential and Combination Therapies for Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer
Oncologist, July 1, 2006; 11(7): 704 - 717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
M Marino, P Galluzzo, S Leone, F Acconcia, and P Ascenzi
Nitric oxide impairs the 17{beta}-estradiol-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2006; 13(2): 559 - 569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 HypertensionHome page
M. R. Meyer, E. Haas, and M. Barton
Gender Differences of Cardiovascular Disease: New Perspectives for Estrogen Receptor Signaling
Hypertension, June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1019 - 1026.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
D.-b. Chen, S. Jia, A. G. King, A. Barker, S.-m. Li, E. Mata-Greenwood, J. Zheng, and R. R. Magness
Global Protein Expression Profiling Underlines Reciprocal Regulation of Caveolin 1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Ovariectomized Sheep Uterine Artery by Estrogen/Progesterone Replacement Therapy
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2006; 74(5): 832 - 838.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
A. Pedram, M. Razandi, D. C. Wallace, and E. R. Levin
Functional Estrogen Receptors in the Mitochondria of Breast Cancer Cells
Mol. Biol. Cell, May 1, 2006; 17(5): 2125 - 2137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
V. Vijayanathan, S. Venkiteswaran, S. K. Nair, A. Verma, T.J. Thomas, B. T. Zhu, and T. Thomas
Physiologic levels of 2-methoxyestradiol interfere with nongenomic signaling of 17beta-estradiol in human breast cancer cells.
Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7 Pt 1): 2038 - 2048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
A. E. Gururaj, S. K. Rayala, R. K. Vadlamudi, and R. Kumar
Novel Mechanisms of Resistance to Endocrine Therapy: Genomic and Nongenomic Considerations
Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 1001s - 1007s.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C. M. Bula, J. Huhtakangas, C. Olivera, J. E. Bishop, A. W. Norman, and H. L. Henry
Presence of a Truncated Form of the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in a Strain of VDR-Knockout Mice
Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5581 - 5586.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. D. Carson
Uterine sensing of the embryo
PNAS, June 14, 2005; 102(24): 8397 - 8398.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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