help button home button Endocrine Society Molecular Endocrinology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Molecular Endocrinology, doi:10.1210/me.2004-0390
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
19/8/1951    most recent
Author Manuscript (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow NURSA Molecule Pages Link
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Levin, E. R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Levin, E. R.
Molecular Endocrinology 19 (8): 1951-1959
Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society

Minireview

Integration of the Extranuclear and Nuclear Actions of Estrogen

Ellis R. Levin

Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90822; and Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellis R. Levin M.D., Medical Service (11/111-I) Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5901 East 7th Street, Long Beach, California. E-mail: ellis.levin{at}med.va.gov.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and the resulting protein products determine the cell biological actions of the sex steroid. In addition, a small pool of ERs localize to the plasma membrane and signal mainly though coupling, directly or indirectly, to G proteins. In response to steroid, signal transduction modulates both nontranscriptional and transcriptional events and impacts both the rapid and more prolonged actions of estrogen. Cross-talk from membrane-localized ERs to nuclear ERs can be mediated through growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and IGF-I receptor. Growth factor receptors enact signal transduction to kinases such as ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that phosphorylate and activate nuclear ERs, and this can also occur in the absence of sex steroid. A complex relationship between the membrane and nuclear effects of estrogen also involves membrane-initiated phosphorylation of coactivators, recruiting these proteins to the nuclear transcriptosome. Finally, large pools of cytoplasmic ERs exist, and some are localized to mitochondria. The integration of sex steroid effects at distinct cellular locations of its receptor leads to important cellular physiological outcomes and are manifest in both reproductive and nonreproductive organs.

NURSA Molecule Pages Link:

Nuclear Receptors:   ERα  |  ERβ
Coregulators:   BRCA1  |  CAV1  |  Cyclin D1  |  CBP  |  SRC-1  |  PELP1  |  GRIP1



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. Wang, E. R. Prossnitz, and S. K. Roy
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Expression Is Required for Estrogen Stimulation of Primordial Follicle Formation in the Hamster Ovary
Endocrinology, September 1, 2008; 149(9): 4452 - 4461.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. Glidewell-Kenney, J. Weiss, L. A. Hurley, J. E. Levine, and J. L. Jameson
Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Gonadotropin Subunit Gene Expression and Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the Female Mouse
Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 4168 - 4176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
L. Albanito, D. Sisci, S. Aquila, E. Brunelli, A. Vivacqua, A. Madeo, R. Lappano, D. P. Pandey, D. Picard, L. Mauro, et al.
Epidermal Growth Factor Induces G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Expression in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 3799 - 3808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
X. Di, L. Yu, A.B. Moore, L. Castro, X. Zheng, T. Hermon, and D. Dixon
A low concentration of genistein induces estrogen receptor-alpha and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor interactions and proliferation in uterine leiomyoma cells
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2008; 23(8): 1873 - 1883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
C. M. Klinge, N. S. Wickramasinghe, M. M. Ivanova, and S. M. Dougherty
Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor {alpha}-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
FASEB J, July 1, 2008; 22(7): 2185 - 2197.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
D. Titolo, C. M. Mayer, S. S. Dhillon, F. Cai, and D. D. Belsham
Estrogen Facilitates both Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Membrane Signaling Required for Long-Term Neuropeptide Y Transcriptional Regulation in Clonal, Immortalized Neurons
J. Neurosci., June 18, 2008; 28(25): 6473 - 6482.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
M. Belakavadi, P. K. Pandey, R. Vijayvargia, and J. D. Fondell
MED1 Phosphorylation Promotes Its Association with Mediator: Implications for Nuclear Receptor Signaling
Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2008; 28(12): 3932 - 3942.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. L. McCarthy, M. E. Clough, C. M. Gundberg, and M. Centrella
Expression of an estrogen receptor agonist in differentiating osteoblast cultures
PNAS, May 13, 2008; 105(19): 7022 - 7027.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Hu, H. K. Kinyamu, L. Wang, J. Martin, T. K. Archer, and C. Teng
Estrogen Induces Estrogen-related Receptor {alpha} Gene Expression and Chromatin Structural Changes in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative Breast Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., March 14, 2008; 283(11): 6752 - 6763.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
T. F.G Lucas, E. R Siu, C. A Esteves, H. P Monteiro, C. A Oliveira, C. S Porto, and M. F. M Lazari
17Beta-Estradiol Induces the Translocation of the Estrogen Receptors ESR1 and ESR2 to the Cell Membrane, MAPK3/1 Phosphorylation and Proliferation of Cultured Immature Rat Sertoli Cells
Biol Reprod, January 1, 2008; 78(1): 101 - 114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
N. Zhu and U. Hansen
HMGN1 Modulates Estrogen-Mediated Transcriptional Activation through Interactions with Specific DNA-Binding Transcription Factors
Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2007; 27(24): 8859 - 8873.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. R. Hammes and E. R. Levin
Extranuclear Steroid Receptors: Nature and Actions
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2007; 28(7): 726 - 741.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Watashi, D. Inoue, M. Hijikata, K. Goto, H. H. Aly, and K. Shimotohno
Anti-hepatitis C Virus Activity of Tamoxifen Reveals the Functional Association of Estrogen Receptor with Viral RNA Polymerase NS5B
J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2007; 282(45): 32765 - 32772.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
R. Alzamora, L. R. Brown, and B. J. Harvey
Direct Binding and Activation of Protein Kinase C Isoforms by Aldosterone and 17{beta}-Estradiol
Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2007; 21(11): 2637 - 2650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
S. Khan, F. Wu, S. Liu, Q. Wu, and S. Safe
Role of specificity protein transcription factors in estrogen-induced gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
J. Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 39(4): 289 - 304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
B. M. Wittmann, A. Sherk, and D. P. McDonnell
Definition of Functionally Important Mechanistic Differences among Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-regulators
Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 67(19): 9549 - 9560.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
S. Masia, S. Alvarez, A. R. de Lera, and D. Barettino
Rapid, Nongenomic Actions of Retinoic Acid on Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Pathway Mediated by the Retinoic Acid Receptor
Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 21(10): 2391 - 2402.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. Cheng, C. Zhang, and D. J. Shapiro
A Functional Serine 118 Phosphorylation Site in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Is Required for Down-Regulation of Gene Expression by 17{beta}-Estradiol and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen
Endocrinology, October 1, 2007; 148(10): 4634 - 4641.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
T. J. Peterson, S. Karmakar, M. C. Pace, T. Gao, and C. L. Smith
The Silencing Mediator of Retinoic Acid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor (SMRT) Corepressor Is Required for Full Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Transcriptional Activity
Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2007; 27(17): 5933 - 5948.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
B. T. Akingbemi, T. D. Braden, B. W. Kemppainen, K. D. Hancock, J. D. Sherrill, S. J. Cook, X. He, and J. G. Supko
Exposure to Phytoestrogens in the Perinatal Period Affects Androgen Secretion by Testicular Leydig Cells in the Adult Rat
Endocrinology, September 1, 2007; 148(9): 4475 - 4488.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Pedram, M. Razandi, R. C. A. Sainson, J. K. Kim, C. C. Hughes, and E. R. Levin
A Conserved Mechanism for Steroid Receptor Translocation to the Plasma Membrane
J. Biol. Chem., August 3, 2007; 282(31): 22278 - 22288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
A. Morales, M. Gonzalez, R. Marin, M. Diaz, and R. Alonso
Estrogen inhibition of norepinephrine responsiveness is initiated at the plasma membrane of GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2007; 194(1): 193 - 200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
P. Kumar, Q. Wu, K. L. Chambliss, I. S. Yuhanna, S. M. Mumby, C. Mineo, G. G. Tall, and P. W. Shaul
Direct Interactions with G{alpha}i and G{beta}{gamma} Mediate Nongenomic Signaling by Estrogen Receptor {alpha}
Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2007; 21(6): 1370 - 1380.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. Zheng, A. Kallio, and P. Harkonen
Tamoxifen-Induced Rapid Death of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Is Mediated via Extracellularly Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling and Can Be Abrogated by Estrogen
Endocrinology, June 1, 2007; 148(6): 2764 - 2777.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
E. Haas, M. R. Meyer, U. Schurr, I. Bhattacharya, R. Minotti, H. H. Nguyen, A. Heigl, M. Lachat, M. Genoni, and M. Barton
Differential Effects of 17{beta}-Estradiol on Function and Expression of Estrogen Receptor {alpha}, Estrogen Receptor {beta}, and GPR30 in Arteries and Veins of Patients With Atherosclerosis
Hypertension, June 1, 2007; 49(6): 1358 - 1363.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
C. Glidewell-Kenney, L. A. Hurley, L. Pfaff, J. Weiss, J. E. Levine, and J. L. Jameson
Nonclassical estrogen receptor {alpha} signaling mediates negative feedback in the female mouse reproductive axis
PNAS, May 8, 2007; 104(19): 8173 - 8177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Reproductive SciencesHome page
M. E. Wierman and W. M. Kohrt
Review Article: Vascular and Metabolic Effects of Sex Steroids: New Insights Into Clinical Trials
Reproductive Sciences, May 1, 2007; 14(4): 300 - 314.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. A. Kazi and R. D. Koos
Estrogen-Induced Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha}, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression, and Edema in the Uterus Are Mediated by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2363 - 2374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
J. C Garrido-Gracia, A. Gordon, C. Bellido, R. Aguilar, I. Barranco, Y. Millan, J. M. de las Mulas, and J. E Sanchez-Criado
The integrated action of oestrogen receptor isoforms and sites with progesterone receptor in the gonadotrope modulates LH secretion: evidence from tamoxifen-treated ovariectomized rats
J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 193(1): 107 - 119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
F. A. Syed, D. G. Fraser, T. C. Spelsberg, C. J. Rosen, A. Krust, P. Chambon, J. L. Jameson, and S. Khosla
Effects of Loss of Classical Estrogen Response Element Signaling on Bone in Male Mice
Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1902 - 1910.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
P. Galluzzo, F. Caiazza, S. Moreno, and M. Marino
Role of ER{beta} palmitoylation in the inhibition of human colon cancer cell proliferation
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2007; 14(1): 153 - 167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Adv. Physiol. Educ.Home page
M. E. Wierman
Sex steroid effects at target tissues: mechanisms of action
Advan Physiol Educ, March 1, 2007; 31(1): 26 - 33.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
J. G. Greger, N. Fursov, N. Cooch, S. McLarney, L. P. Freedman, D. P. Edwards, and B. J. Cheskis
Phosphorylation of MNAR Promotes Estrogen Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2007; 27(5): 1904 - 1913.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. A. Hart, M. A. Snyder, T. Smejkalova, and C. S. Woolley
Estrogen Mobilizes a Subset of Estrogen Receptor-{alpha}-Immunoreactive Vesicles in Inhibitory Presynaptic Boutons in Hippocampal CA1
J. Neurosci., February 21, 2007; 27(8): 2102 - 2111.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
L. Albanito, A. Madeo, R. Lappano, A. Vivacqua, V. Rago, A. Carpino, T. I. Oprea, E. R. Prossnitz, A. M. Musti, S. Ando, et al.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 (GPR30) Mediates Gene Expression Changes and Growth Response to 17{beta}-Estradiol and Selective GPR30 Ligand G-1 in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., February 15, 2007; 67(4): 1859 - 1866.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
N. Vasudevan and D. W. Pfaff
Membrane-Initiated Actions of Estrogens in Neuroendocrinology: Emerging Principles
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2007; 28(1): 1 - 19.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
P. Fan, J. Wang, R. J. Santen, and W. Yue
Long-term Treatment with Tamoxifen Facilitates Translocation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} out of the Nucleus and Enhances its Interaction with EGFR in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., February 1, 2007; 67(3): 1352 - 1360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
K. Evaul, M. Jamnongjit, B. Bhagavath, and S. R. Hammes
Testosterone and Progesterone Rapidly Attenuate Plasma Membrane G{beta}{gamma}-Mediated Signaling in Xenopus laevis Oocytes by Signaling through Classical Steroid Receptors
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 21(1): 186 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
S. Rice and S. A Whitehead
Phytoestrogens and breast cancer -promoters or protectors?
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2006; 13(4): 995 - 1015.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 LupusHome page
X Li, V Rider, B F Kimler, and N I Abdou
Estrogen does not regulate CD154 mRNA stability in systemic lupus erythematosus T cells
Lupus, December 1, 2006; 15(12): 852 - 857.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
T. Krietsch, M. S. Fernandes, J. Kero, R. Losel, M. Heyens, E. W.-F. Lam, I. Huhtaniemi, J. J. Brosens, and B. Gellersen
Human Homologs of the Putative G Protein-Coupled Membrane Progestin Receptors (mPR{alpha}, {beta}, and {gamma}) Localize to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Are Not Activated by Progesterone
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2006; 20(12): 3146 - 3164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
R. X-D Song, P. Fan, W. Yue, Y. Chen, and R. J Santen
Role of receptor complexes in the extranuclear actions of estrogen receptor {alpha} in breast cancer
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2006; 13(Supplement_1): S3 - S13.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. Vivacqua, D. Bonofiglio, L. Albanito, A. Madeo, V. Rago, A. Carpino, A. M. Musti, D. Picard, S. Ando, and M. Maggiolini
17beta-Estradiol, Genistein, and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Induce the Proliferation of Thyroid Cancer Cells through the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR30
Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2006; 70(4): 1414 - 1423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
A. Pedram, M. Razandi, and E. R. Levin
Nature of Functional Estrogen Receptors at the Plasma Membrane
Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2006; 20(9): 1996 - 2009.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. Canesi, C. Ciacci, L. C. Lorusso, M. Betti, T. Guarnieri, S. Tavolari, and G. Gallo
Immunomodulation by 17beta-estradiol in bivalve hemocytes
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): R664 - R673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
Y. Zhu, L. L. Sullivan, S. S. Nair, C. C. Williams, A. K. Pandey, L. Marrero, R. K. Vadlamudi, and F. E. Jones
Coregulation of Estrogen Receptor by ERBB4/HER4 Establishes a Growth-Promoting Autocrine Signal in Breast Tumor Cells
Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 7991 - 7998.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
J. E Sanchez-Criado, J. C Garrido-Gracia, C. Bellido, R. Aguilar, P. Guelmes, P. Abreu, R. Alonso, I. Barranco, Y. Millan, and J. M. de las Mulas
Oestradiol-17{beta} inhibits tamoxifen-induced LHRH self-priming blocking hormone-dependent and ligand-independent activation of the gonadotrope progesterone receptor in the rat.
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 73 - 84.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
R. X.-D. Song and R. J. Santen
Membrane Initiated Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2006; 75(1): 9 - 16.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 The OncologistHome page
R. J. Pietras
Biologic Basis of Sequential and Combination Therapies for Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer
Oncologist, July 1, 2006; 11(7): 704 - 717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
M Marino, P Galluzzo, S Leone, F Acconcia, and P Ascenzi
Nitric oxide impairs the 17{beta}-estradiol-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2006; 13(2): 559 - 569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
M. R. Meyer, E. Haas, and M. Barton
Gender Differences of Cardiovascular Disease: New Perspectives for Estrogen Receptor Signaling
Hypertension, June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1019 - 1026.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
D.-b. Chen, S. Jia, A. G. King, A. Barker, S.-m. Li, E. Mata-Greenwood, J. Zheng, and R. R. Magness
Global Protein Expression Profiling Underlines Reciprocal Regulation of Caveolin 1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Ovariectomized Sheep Uterine Artery by Estrogen/Progesterone Replacement Therapy
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2006; 74(5): 832 - 838.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
A. Pedram, M. Razandi, D. C. Wallace, and E. R. Levin
Functional Estrogen Receptors in the Mitochondria of Breast Cancer Cells
Mol. Biol. Cell, May 1, 2006; 17(5): 2125 - 2137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
V. Vijayanathan, S. Venkiteswaran, S. K. Nair, A. Verma, T.J. Thomas, B. T. Zhu, and T. Thomas
Physiologic levels of 2-methoxyestradiol interfere with nongenomic signaling of 17beta-estradiol in human breast cancer cells.
Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7 Pt 1): 2038 - 2048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
A. E. Gururaj, S. K. Rayala, R. K. Vadlamudi, and R. Kumar
Novel Mechanisms of Resistance to Endocrine Therapy: Genomic and Nongenomic Considerations
Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 1001s - 1007s.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. M. Bula, J. Huhtakangas, C. Olivera, J. E. Bishop, A. W. Norman, and H. L. Henry
Presence of a Truncated Form of the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in a Strain of VDR-Knockout Mice
Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5581 - 5586.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. D. Carson
Uterine sensing of the embryo
PNAS, June 14, 2005; 102(24): 8397 - 8398.
[Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals
Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society