| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Molecular Endocrinology, Vol 10, 1167-1177, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society
ARTICLES |
KB Horwitz, TA Jackson, DL Bain, JK Richer, GS Takimoto and L Tung
Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
The nuclear receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins, many of which are ligand-regulated, that bind to specific DNA sequences and control specific gene transcription. Recent data show that, in addition to contacting the basal transcription machinery directly, nuclear receptors inhibit or enhance transcription by recruiting an array of coactivator or corepressor proteins to the transcription complex. In this review we define the properties of these putative coregulatory factors; we describe the basal and coregulatory factors that are currently known to interact with nuclear receptors; we suggest various mechanisms by which coactivators and corepressors act; we discuss issues that are raised by the presence of multiple, perhaps competing, coregulatory factors; and we speculate how these additional regulatory layers may explain the heterogeneity of hormone responses that are observed in normal and malignant tissues.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L. Arruvito, S. Giulianelli, A. C. Flores, N. Paladino, M. Barboza, C. Lanari, and L. Fainboim NK Cells Expressing a Progesterone Receptor Are Susceptible to Progesterone-Induced Apoptosis J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5746 - 5753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. McNamara, H. Wang, N. Hanna, and W. H. Miller Jr. Topoisomerase II{beta} Negatively Modulates Retinoic Acid Receptor {alpha} Function: a Novel Mechanism of Retinoic Acid Resistance Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2008; 28(6): 2066 - 2077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. J. Mark, R. Tatchum-Talom, D. S. Martin, and K. M. Eyster Effects of estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators on vascular reactivity in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): R1969 - R1975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Amazit, L. Pasini, A. T. Szafran, V. Berno, R.-C. Wu, M. Mielke, E. D. Jones, M. G. Mancini, C. A. Hinojos, B. W. O'Malley, et al. Regulation of SRC-3 Intercompartmental Dynamics by Estrogen Receptor and Phosphorylation Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2007; 27(19): 6913 - 6932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Li, Q. Kang, and D.-M. Wang Constitutive Coactivator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR{gamma}), a Novel Coactivator of PPAR{gamma} that Promotes Adipogenesis Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 21(10): 2320 - 2333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W-D Han, Y-L Zhao, Y-G Meng, L Zang, Z-Q Wu, Q Li, Y-L Si, K Huang, J-M Ba, H Morinaga, et al. Estrogenically regulated LRP16 interacts with estrogen receptor {alpha} and enhances the receptor's transcriptional activity Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2007; 14(3): 741 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. R. Schultz-Norton, V. A. Gabisi, Y. S. Ziegler, I. X. McLeod, J. R. Yates, and A. M. Nardulli Interaction of estrogen receptor {alpha} with proliferating cell nuclear antigen Nucleic Acids Res., August 1, 2007; 35(15): 5028 - 5038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. R. Schultz-Norton, K. A. Walt, Y. S. Ziegler, I. X. McLeod, J. R. Yates, L. T. Raetzman, and A. M. Nardulli The Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair Protein Flap Endonuclease-1 Modulates Estrogen-Responsive Gene Expression Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2007; 21(7): 1569 - 1580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
U. Ohnemus, M. Uenalan, J. Inzunza, J.-A. Gustafsson, and R. Paus The Hair Follicle as an Estrogen Target and Source Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2006; 27(6): 677 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. C. Dhananjayan, S. Ramamoorthy, O. Y. Khan, A. Ismail, J. Sun, J. Slingerland, B. W. O'Malley, and Z. Nawaz WW Domain Binding Protein-2, an E6-Associated Protein Interacting Protein, Acts as a Coactivator of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 20(10): 2343 - 2354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Howell Pure oestrogen antagonists for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2006; 13(3): 689 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. R. Singh, K. Kaluarachchi, M. Chen, S. K. Rayala, S. Balasenthil, J. Ma, and R. Kumar Solution Structure and Antiestrogenic Activity of the Unique C-terminal, NR-box Motif-containing Region of MTA1s J. Biol. Chem., September 1, 2006; 281(35): 25612 - 25621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. K. Rayala, P. den Hollander, B. Manavathi, A. H. Talukder, C. Song, S. Peng, A. Barnekow, J. Kremerskothen, and R. Kumar Essential Role of KIBRA in Co-activator Function of Dynein Light Chain 1 in Mammalian Cells J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2006; 281(28): 19092 - 19099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C S Moffatt-Blue, J J Sury, and K. A Young Short photoperiod-induced ovarian regression is mediated by apoptosis in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Reproduction, April 1, 2006; 131(4): 771 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Chadli, J. D. Graham, M. G. Abel, T. A. Jackson, D. F. Gordon, W. M. Wood, S. J. Felts, K. B. Horwitz, and D. Toft GCUNC-45 Is a Novel Regulator for the Progesterone Receptor/hsp90 Chaperoning Pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2006; 26(5): 1722 - 1730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C.-Y. Huang, J. Beliakoff, X. Li, J. Lee, X. Li, M. Sharma, B. Lim, and Z. Sun hZimp7, a Novel PIAS-Like Protein, Enhances Androgen Receptor-Mediated Transcription and Interacts with SWI/SNF-Like BAF Complexes Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 19(12): 2915 - 2929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Leong, J. R. Sloan, P. D. Nash, and G. L. Greene Recruitment of Histone Deacetylase 4 to the N-Terminal Region of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 19(12): 2930 - 2942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. N Kelly, T J. McKenna, and L. S Young Coregulatory protein-orphan nuclear receptor interactions in the human adrenal cortex J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2005; 186(1): 33 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. S. Kim, S.-W. Jang, H. J. Sung, H. J. Lee, I. S. Kim, D. S. Na, and J. Ko Role of 14-3-3{eta} as a Positive Regulator of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activation Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 3133 - 3140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Y. Hong, J. H. Suh, K. Kim, E.-Y. Gong, S. H. Jeon, M. Ko, R. H. Seong, H. B. Kwon, and K. Lee Modulation of Androgen Receptor Transactivation by the SWI3-Related Gene Product (SRG3) in Multiple Ways Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2005; 25(12): 4841 - 4852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Chwalisz, M. C. Perez, D. DeManno, C. Winkel, G. Schubert, and W. Elger Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Development and Use in the Treatment of Leiomyomata and Endometriosis Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 423 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. E. OFTEDAL, S. LADSTEIN, W. TELLE, and R. MALE Ligand-Dependent Protein Interactions of the Estrogen Receptors Using the Yeast Two-Hybrid System Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., April 1, 2005; 1040(1): 420 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Yuan, A. Gong, and C. Y.F. Young Involvement of transcription factor Sp1 in quercetin-mediated inhibitory effect on the androgen receptor in human prostate cancer cells Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2005; 26(4): 793 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. K. Osborne and R. Schiff Estrogen-Receptor Biology: Continuing Progress and Therapeutic Implications J. Clin. Oncol., March 10, 2005; 23(8): 1616 - 1622. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. J. Fabian and B. F. Kimler Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 10, 2005; 23(8): 1644 - 1655. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Baida, S. M. Farrington, P. Galofre, R. Marcos, and A. Velazquez Thyroid Cancer Susceptibility and THRA1 and BAT-40 Repeats Polymorphisms Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 638 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Salah, M. Maoz, I. Cohen, G. Pizov, D. Pode, M. S. Runge, and R. Bar-Shavit Identification of a novel functional androgen response element within hPar1 promoter: implications to prostate cancer progression FASEB J, January 1, 2005; 19(1): 62 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Cote, S. McNamara, D. Brambilla, A. Bianchini, G. Rizzo, S. V. del Rincon, F. Grignani, C. Nervi, and W. H. Miller Jr Expression of SMRT{beta} promotes ligand-induced activation of mutated and wild-type retinoid receptors Blood, December 15, 2004; 104(13): 4226 - 4235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. A. Loven, R. E. Davis, C. D. Curtis, N. Muster, J. R. Yates, and A. M. Nardulli A Novel Estrogen Receptor {alpha}-Associated Protein Alters Receptor-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Interactions and Represses Receptor-Mediated Transcription Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2004; 18(11): 2649 - 2659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Kassel, S. Schneider, C. Heilbock, M. Litfin, M. Gottlicher, and P. Herrlich A nuclear isoform of the focal adhesion LIM-domain protein Trip6 integrates activating and repressing signals at AP-1- and NF-{kappa}B-regulated promoters Genes & Dev., October 15, 2004; 18(20): 2518 - 2528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Verma, A. Ismail, X. Gao, G. Fu, X. Li, B. W. O'Malley, and Z. Nawaz The Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBCH7 Acts as a Coactivator for Steroid Hormone Receptors Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(19): 8716 - 8726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. S. Nair, S. K. Mishra, Z. Yang, S. Balasenthil, R. Kumar, and R. K. Vadlamudi Potential Role of a Novel Transcriptional Coactivator PELP1 in Histone H1 Displacement in Cancer Cells Cancer Res., September 15, 2004; 64(18): 6416 - 6423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. S. Tien, J. W. Davis, and J. P. Vanden Heuvel Identification of the CREB-binding Protein/p300-interacting Protein CITED2 as a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {alpha} Coregulator J. Biol. Chem., June 4, 2004; 279(23): 24053 - 24063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Masuyama and Y. Hiramatsu Involvement of Suppressor for Gal 1 in the Ubiquitin/Proteasome-mediated Degradation of Estrogen Receptors J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 2004; 279(13): 12020 - 12026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Schrantz, J. d. S. Correia, B. Fowler, Q. Ge, Z. Sun, and G. M. Bokoch Mechanism of p21-activated Kinase 6-mediated Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Signaling J. Biol. Chem., January 16, 2004; 279(3): 1922 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Y. Lin, E. M. Resnick, and M. A. Shupnik Truncated Estrogen Receptor Product-1 Stimulates Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Transcriptional Activity by Titration of Repressor Proteins J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 38125 - 38131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. De Bosscher, W. Vanden Berghe, and G. Haegeman The Interplay between the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B or Activator Protein-1: Molecular Mechanisms for Gene Repression Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2003; 24(4): 488 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Fujita, Y. Kobayashi, O. Wada, Y. Tateishi, L. Kitada, Y. Yamamoto, H. Takashima, A. Murayama, T. Yano, T. Baba, et al. Full Activation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Activation Function-1 Induces Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., July 11, 2003; 278(29): 26704 - 26714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Yan, X. Gao, D. M. Lonard, and Z. Nawaz Specific Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes Promote Degradation of Specific Nuclear Receptor Coactivators Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2003; 17(7): 1315 - 1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. L. Rincavage, D. P. McDonnell, and C. M. Kuhn Expression of Functional Estrogen Receptor {beta} in Locus Coeruleus-Derived Cath.a Cells Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2829 - 2835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Stevens, H. Garside, A. Berry, C. Waters, A. White, and D. Ray Dissociation of Steroid Receptor Coactivator 1 and Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Recruitment to the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor by Modification of the Ligand-Receptor Interface: The Role of Tyrosine 735 Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 845 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. M. Sadow, E. Koo, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, J. Samarut, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, H. Seo, Y. Murata, and R. E. Weiss Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Specific Interactions with Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 in the Pituitary Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 882 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Kim, N. Thu, B. Saville, and S. Safe Domains of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} (ER{alpha}) Required for ER{alpha}/Sp1-Mediated Activation of GC-Rich Promoters by Estrogens and Antiestrogens in Breast Cancer Cells Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 804 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Fischer, S. M. G. Dias, M. A. M. Santos, A. C. Alves, N. Zanchin, A. F. Craievich, J. W. Apriletti, J. D. Baxter, P. Webb, F. A. R. Neves, et al. Low Resolution Structures of the Retinoid X Receptor DNA-binding and Ligand-binding Domains Revealed by Synchrotron X-ray Solution Scattering J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 16030 - 16038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Farboud, H. Hauksdottir, Y. Wu, and M. L. Privalsky Isotype-Restricted Corepressor Recruitment: a Constitutively Closed Helix 12 Conformation in Retinoic Acid Receptors {beta} and {gamma} Interferes with Corepressor Recruitment and Prevents Transcriptional Repression Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2003; 23(8): 2844 - 2858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L.-N. Song, R. Herrell, S. Byers, S. Shah, E. M. Wilson, and E. P. Gelmann {beta}-Catenin Binds to the Activation Function 2 Region of the Androgen Receptor and Modulates the Effects of the N-Terminal Domain and TIF2 on Ligand-Dependent Transcription Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2003; 23(5): 1674 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Hauksdottir, B. Farboud, and M. L. Privalsky Retinoic Acid Receptors {beta} and {gamma} Do Not Repress, But Instead Activate Target Gene Transcription in Both the Absence and Presence of Hormone Ligand Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2003; 17(3): 373 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Gu, S. L. Ripp, R. A. Prough, and T. E. Geoghegan Dehydroepiandrosterone Affects the Expression of Multiple Genes in Rat Liver Including 11beta -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: A cDNA Array Analysis Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2003; 63(3): 722 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. S. Guberman, M. E. Scassa, L. E. Giono, C. L. Varone, and E. T. Canepa Inhibitory Effect of AP-1 Complex on 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase Gene Expression through Sequestration of cAMP-response Element Protein (CRE)-binding Protein (CBP) Coactivator J. Biol. Chem., January 17, 2003; 278(4): 2317 - 2326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. B. Thompson and B. H. Johnson Regulation of a Distinctive Set of Genes in Glucocorticoid-evoked Apoptosis in CEM Human Lymphoid Cells Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2003; 58(1): 175 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Kumar and E. B. Thompson Transactivation Functions of the N-Terminal Domains of Nuclear Hormone Receptors: Protein Folding and Coactivator Interactions Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2003; 17(1): 1 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. A. Loven, N. Muster, J. R. Yates, and A. M. Nardulli A Novel Estrogen Receptor {alpha}-Associated Protein, Template-Activating Factor I{beta}, Inhibits Acetylation and Transactivation Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2003; 17(1): 67 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. M. Sadow, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, J. Samarut, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, and R. E. Weiss Specificity of thyroid hormone receptor subtype and steroid receptor coactivator-1 on thyroid hormone action Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2003; 284(1): E36 - E46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Christiaens, C. L. Bevan, L. Callewaert, A. Haelens, G. Verrijdt, W. Rombauts, and F. Claessens Characterization of the Two Coactivator-interacting Surfaces of the Androgen Receptor and Their Relative Role in Transcriptional Control* J. Biol. Chem., December 13, 2002; 277(51): 49230 - 49237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. S. Lee, H.-J. Kim, H. J. Lee, J. W. Lee, S.-Y. Chun, S.-K. Ko, and K. Lee Activating Signal Cointegrator 1 Is Highly Expressed in Murine Testicular Leydig Cells and Enhances the Ligand-Dependent Transactivation of Androgen Receptor Biol Reprod, November 1, 2002; 67(5): 1580 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Min, H. Kim, Y. Bae, L. Petz, and J. K. Kemper Inhibitory Cross-talk between Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Constitutively Activated Androstane Receptor (CAR). CAR INHIBITS ER-MEDIATED SIGNALING PATHWAY BY SQUELCHING p160 COACTIVATORS J. Biol. Chem., September 6, 2002; 277(37): 34626 - 34633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Onda, D. Li, S. Suzuki, I. Nakamura, S. Takenoshita, C.-H. Brogren, S. Stampanoni, and N. Rampino Expansion of Microsatellite in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{alpha}1 Gene Linked to Increased Receptor Expression and Less Aggressive Thyroid Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2002; 8(9): 2870 - 2874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. P. Auger, T. S. Perrot-Sinal, C. J. Auger, L. A. Ekas, M. J. Tetel, and M. M. MCCarthy Expression of the Nuclear Receptor Coactivator, cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein, Is Sexually Dimorphic and Modulates Sexual Differentiation of Neonatal Rat Brain Endocrinology, August 1, 2002; 143(8): 3009 - 3016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Sathya, M. S. Jansen, S. C. Nagel, C. E. Cook, and D. P. MCDonnell Identification and Characterization of Novel Estrogen Receptor-{beta}-Sparing Antiprogestins Endocrinology, August 1, 2002; 143(8): 3071 - 3082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-A. Suh, H.-Y. Lee, A. Virmani, J. Wong, K. K. Mann, W. H. Miller Jr., A. Gazdar, and J. M. Kurie Loss of Retinoic Acid Receptor {beta} Gene Expression Is Linked to Aberrant Histone H3 Acetylation in Lung Cancer Cell Lines Cancer Res., July 15, 2002; 62(14): 3945 - 3949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Wieser, C. Schneeberger, G. Hudelist, C. Singer, C. Kurz, F. Nagele, C. Gruber, J.C. Huber, and W. Tschugguel Endometrial nuclear receptor co-factors SRC-1 and N-CoR are increased in human endometrium during menstruation Mol. Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2002; 8(7): 644 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. P. Gelmann Molecular Biology of the Androgen Receptor J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2002; 20(13): 3001 - 3015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]< |