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Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Daniel J. Bernard, Ph.D, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021. E-mail: dbernard{at}popcbr.rockefeller.edu.
The activins are pleiotropic members of the TGFß superfamily. Within the anterior pituitary gland, activins stimulate FSH synthesis in an autocrine/paracrine fashion by stimulating transcription of the FSHß subunit gene. Here, the mechanisms mediating this effect were investigated in the murine gonadotrope cell line, LßT2. Recombinant activin A and activin B dose- and time-dependently stimulated endogenous FSHß mRNA expression. FSHß primary transcript and mRNA levels were increased within 30–60 min, but these effects were blocked by preincubation with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin-D, suggesting that the FSHß gene is a direct target of the activin signal transduction cascade. In other systems, activin signals are transduced through a heteromeric serine/threonine receptor complex, which includes the signaling activin type IB receptor [activin receptor-like kinase 4 (ALK4)]. Transfection of a constitutively active form of the receptor, ALK4T206D, stimulated FSHß mRNA levels. Overexpression of the inhibitory SMAD7 blocked this effect, as well as activin-stimulated FSHß transcription. Because SMAD7 functions by preventing access of SMAD2 and SMAD3 to ALK4, these data suggested that both activins and ALK4 require SMAD2 and/or SMAD3 to affect FSHß transcription. Consistent with this idea, activin A stimulated SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation within 5–10 min in LßT2 cells. Transient transfection of SMAD3, but not SMADs 1, 2, 4, 5, or 8, stimulated endogenous FSHß mRNA levels. The results of SMAD2 transfection studies were inconclusive, however, because of a persistent failure to overexpress the full-length SMAD2 protein specifically in LßT2 cells. To assess more directly roles for both SMAD2 and SMAD3 in activin-stimulated FSHß expression, RNA interference was used to decrease endogenous SMAD protein levels in LßT2 cells. Activin A- and ALK4T206D-stimulated transcription of the FSHß gene were significantly attenuated by the depletion of either SMAD2 or SMAD3. Collectively, these data suggest that activins use both SMAD2- and SMAD3-dependent mechanisms to stimulate FSHß transcription in mouse gonadotrope cells.
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