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Submitted on July 27, 2002
Accepted on October 9, 2003
in single living cells using GFP color variants
1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mkawata{at}basic.kpu-m.ac.jp.
Androgen and estrogen act not only sex specifically but also interactively and synergistically. In the present study, to examine the possible interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 
(ER), we investigated the subcellular dynamics of AR and ER fused with green fluorescent protein color variants in single living cells using time-lapse microscopy and the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. AR and ER showed punctate colocalization in the nucleus with estrogen, but not androgen. N-terminus AR deletion mutant (
NAR) did not form a nuclear punctate pattern with either androgen or estrogen. In the presence of AR, but not ER, NAR formed a punctate nuclear pattern with androgen. AR had different mobility depending on the ligand and the presence of ER. On the other hand, AR had little effect on the stability of ER. ER mutant that does not bind coactivators did not alter the mobility of AR. Taken together, using an imaging technique, we clarified that possible homo/hetero dimerization between AR and ER could be attributed to androgen-estrogen interaction in living cells.
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subcellular localization •
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FRAP
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