Cholesterol is imported and processed to provide substrate for ovarian steroidogenesis. The Niemann-Pick type C-1 gene codes for a glycoprotein that processes low density lipoprotein (LDL)-imported cholesterol. Mutation of this gene causes marked impairment of export of LDL-derived cholesterol from endosomes, and consequent lysosomal accumulation of the sterol. The Balb/c npc^nih-/- mouse line, bearing spontaneous mutation of the NPC-1 gene, provides a model for investigation of aberrant endosomal cholesterol transfer in the ovary. Female homozygote mutant mice are infertile, with underdeveloped ovarian follicles, reduced steroidogenesis, no ovulation and no corpora lutea. Mutant ovaries transplanted under wild type kidney capsules display both ovulation and formation of corpora lutea. Gonadotropin treatment induces ovulation and restores expression of steroidogenic proteins. Pituitary glands of mutants are hypoplastic, and prolactin expression is dramatically reduced compared with wild type mice. Both long and short splice variants of the dopamine-D2 receptors are overexpressed in the pituitary of Balb/c npc^nih-/-mice. Chronic treatment of mutant mice with estradiol 17 restores pituitary volume, prolactin expression and folliculogenetic capability. We conclude that inactivating mutation of Niemann Pick-C-1 perturbs the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian feedback loop. Reduced estrogens attenuate prolactin expression and alter gonadotropin secretion patterns and interfere with normal ovarian follicular development and ovulation.