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Submitted on February 26, 2004
Accepted on June 30, 2004
Section of Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, IN University School of Medicine, and the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
The extracellular signal regulated (ERK) MAPK pathway is a critical signaling system that mediates ligand-stimulated signals for the induction of cell proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Studies have shown that this pathway is constitutively active in several human malignancies and may be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors. In the present study we examined the ERK pathway in cell lines derived from epithelial and granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), two distinct forms of ovarian cancer. We show that ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) are constitutively active and that this activation results from both MEK-dependent and independent mechanisms and is correlated with elevated BRAF expression. MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression, which is involved in ERK1/2 deactivation, is down-regulated in the cancer cells, thus contributing further to ERK hyper-activity in these cells. Treatment of these cancer cell lines with the proteasome inhibitor ZLLF-CHO increased MKP-1 but not MKP-2 expression and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. More importantly, silencing of ERK1/2 protein expression using RNAi led to the complete suppression of tumor cell proliferation. These results provide evidence that the ERK pathway plays a major role in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and that down-regulation of this master signaling pathway is highly effective for the inhibition of ovarian tumor growth.
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