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Submitted on May 10, 2007
Accepted on August 29, 2007
Gene by GnRH and Activin Through Augmentation of c-Fos Induction and Smad Phosphorylation
Departments of Reproductive Medicine and Neuroscience, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0674
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pmellon{at}ucsd.edu.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and activin independently and synergistically activate transcription of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
-subunit gene, the subunit that provides specificity and is the limiting factor in the synthesis of the mature hormone. This synergistic interaction, as determined by 2-way ANOVA, is specific for FSH and may, therefore, contribute to differential expression of the two gonadotropin hormones, which is critical for the reproductive cycle. We find that the crosstalk between the GnRH and activin signaling pathways occurs at the level of p38 MAPK, since the synergy is dependent on p38 MAPK activity, which is activated by GnRH, and activin co-treatment augments p38 activation by GnRH. Both the Smad and AP-1 binding sites on the FSH promoter are necessary and sufficient for synergy. Following co-treatment, Smad 3 proteins are more highly phosphorylated on the activin-receptor signaling-dependent residues on the C-terminus than with activin treatment alone, and c-Fos is more highly expressed than with GnRH treatment alone. Inhibition of p38 by either of two different inhibitors or a dominant-negative p38 kinase, abrogates synergy on FSH expression, reduces c-Fos induction by GnRH, and prevents the further increase in c-Fos levels that occurs with co-treatment. Additionally, p38 is necessary for maximal Smad 3 C-terminal phosphorylation by activin treatment alone and for the further increase caused by co-treatment. Thus, p38 is the pivotal signaling molecule that integrates GnRH and activin interaction on the FSH promoter through higher induction of c-Fos and elevated Smad phosphorylation.
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activin •
Smad
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